lcgv.com
Acronym Definition
LCG La Coruna, Spain - La Coruna (Airport Code)
LCG Launcher Control Group
LCG LAYComp Graphics (Miami, Florida)
LCG Learning Computational Grammars
LCG Lightguide Cable Guide (AT&T)
LCG Linear Congruential Generator
LCG Liquified Chlorine Gas
LCG Living Church of God
LCG Longitudinal Center of Gravity
LCG Low Center of Gravity
LCG Low Cost Guidance
LCGV: Language of Computer Graphics
and Visualization
The term computer graphics includes
almost everything on computers that is not text or sound. Today almost every
computer can do some graphics, and people have even come to expect to control
their computer through icons and pictures rather than just by typing. The term
Computer graphics has more meaning:
* the representation and manipulation of pictorial data by a computer
* the various technologies used to create and manipulate such pictorial data
* the images so produced, and
* a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally
synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
Today much of our life is affected by computers, and by computer graphics.
Whether you see them on television, in newspapers, in weather reports or while
at the doctor's surgery, computer images are all around you. A well-chosen graph
is able to transform a complex table of numbers into meaningful results. Such
graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, and theses, as well as providing
the basis for presentation material in the form of slides and overhead
transparencies. A range of tools and facilities are available to enable users to
visualise their data, and computer graphics are used in many disciplines.
History
In 1960 William Fetter, a graphic designer for Boeing Aircraft Co., was credited
with coining the phrase "Computer Graphics" to describe what he was doing at
Boeing at the time. Fetter has said that the terms were actually given to him by
Verne Hudson of the Wichita Division of Boeing. In a 1978 interview Fetter
stated, that there had been a long-standing need in certain computer graphics
applications for human figure simulations, that as descriptions of the human
body are both accurate and at the same time adaptable to different user
environment. His early work at Boeing was focused on the development of such
ergonomic descriptions. One of the most memorable and iconic images of the early
history of computer graphics was such a human figure, often referred to as the
"Boeing Man", but referred to by Fetter as the "First Man".
SAGE Sector Control Room.
SAGE Sector Control Room.
The field of computer graphics developed with the emergence of computer graphics
technology. Projects in this field like the Whirlwind and SAGE Projects helped
to open the door to the computer graphics discipline by providing the CRT as a
viable display and interaction interface, and introduced the light pen as an
important input device. Continuing the development of the digital computer, the
TX-2 computer in 1959 at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory was key in the evolution of
interactive computer graphics. Their display, a lightpen, and a bank of switches
were the interface on which the first interactive computer graphics system was
based. The TX-2, integrated a number of man-machine interfaces that were just
waiting for the right person to show up to use them in order to make a computer
that was "on-line". With a simple cathode ray tube and light pen on the TX-2's
console and thought one should be able to draw on the computer, the Sketchpad,
and with it, interactive computer graphics were born. In the Lincoln Labs on
their TX-2 computer Ivan Sutherland's PhD work made him to be the "grandfather"
of interactive computer graphics and graphical user interfaces.
The activities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology would help to shape
the early computer and computer graphics industries. It wasn't long before major
corporations started taking an interest in computer graphics. TRW,
Lockheed-Georgia, General Electric and Sperry Rand are among the many companies
that were getting started in computer graphics by the mid 1960's. IBM was quick
to respond to this interest by releasing the IBM 2250 graphics terminal, the
first commercially available graphics computer.
The organizations, conferences, graphics standards, and publications in the
field of computer graphics emerged since end 1960s. In 1969 the ACM initiated a
A Special Interest Group in Graphics (SIGGRAPH) which interest ran from
simulation and modeling, to text editing and composition, to computer generated
art, cartography and mapping, computer aided design and, computer graphics
software and hardware. In 1973 the first annual SIGGRAPH conference was held,
which has become one of the compelling aspects of the organization. Over the
years, Panels and Courses were added, an Art Show became a mainstay, and venues
for emerging technologies were provided. Several related conferences have
occasionally co-located with SIGGRAPH, and an Education track became part of the
overall conference offerings.
During the late 1970s, personal computers became more powerful, capable of
drawing both basic and complex shapes and designs. In the 1980s, artists and
graphic designers began to see the personal computer, particularly the Commodore
Amiga and Macintosh, as a serious design tool, one that could save time and draw
more accurately than other methods. 3D computer graphics became possible in the
late 1980s with the powerful SGI computers, which were later used to create some
of the first fully computer-generated short films at Pixar. The Macintosh
remains one of the most popular tools for computer graphics in graphic design
studios and businesses.
Modern computer systems, dating from the 1980s and onwards, often use a
graphical user interface (GUI) to present data and information with symbols,
icons and pictures, rather than text. Graphics are one of the five key elements
of multimedia technology.
3D graphics became more popular in the 1990s in gaming, multimedia and
animation. In 1996, Quake, one of the first fully 3D games, was released. In
1995, Toy Story, the first full-length computer-generated animation film, was
released in cinemas worldwide. Since then, computer graphics have become more
accurate and detailed, due to more advanced computers and better 3D modelling
software applications, such as Cinema 4D.
Image types
2D computer graphics
Raster graphic sprites (left) and masks (right)
Raster graphic sprites (left) and masks (right)
2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly
from two-dimensional models, such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital
images, and by techniques specific to them. The word may stand for the branch of
computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves.
2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally
developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as
typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc.. In those
applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a
real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value;
two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct
control of the image than 3D computer graphics, whose approach is more akin to
photography than to typography.
Pixel art
Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of raster graphics
software, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old (or
relatively limited) computer and video games, graphing calculator games, and
many mobile phone games are mostly pixel art.
Vector graphics
Example showing effect of vector graphics versus raster graphics.
Example showing effect of vector graphics versus raster graphics.
Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the
representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the
representation of photographic images. There are instances when working with
vector tools and formats is best practice, and instances when working with
raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats
come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each
technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in
efficient and effective use of tools.
3D computer graphics
3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics are graphics that use a
three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the
computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images.
Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing.
Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same
algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D
computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics
software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D
applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and
primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.
3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered
graphic, the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there
are differences. A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any
three-dimensional object (either inanimate or living). A model is not
technically a graphic until it is visually displayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D
models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a
two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in
non-graphical computer simulations and calculations.
Computer animation
An example of Computer animation which is produced in the "Motion capture"
technique
An example of Computer animation which is produced in the "Motion capture"
technique
Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of
computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Increasingly it
is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are
still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering
needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but
sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is also referred to as
CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging), especially when
used in films.
To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer screen
then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image, but
shifted slightly. This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is
achieved with television and motion pictures.
Concepts and Principles
Image
In common usage, an image or picture is an artifact, usually two-dimensional,
that has a similar appearance to some subject—usually a physical object or a
person. Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and
as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue. They may be captured by
optical devices—such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc.
and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces.
A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image using ones and
zeros (binary). Depending on whether or not the image resolution is fixed, it
may be of vector or raster type. Without qualifications, the term "digital
image" usually refers to raster images.
Pixel
This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the
individual pixels are rendered as little squares and can easily be seen.
This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the
individual pixels are rendered as little squares and can easily be seen.
In digital imaging, a pixel is the smallest piece of information in an image. )
Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often
represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image,
where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the
original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel
has typically three or four components such as red, green, and blue, or cyan,
magenta, yellow, and black.
Graphics
Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas,
computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain.
Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other
images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may
consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography
alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other
element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association
with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a
distinctive style.
Rendering
Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of
computer programs. The model is a description of three dimensional objects in a
strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry,
viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information. The image is a digital
image or raster graphics image. The term may be by analogy with an "artist's
rendering" of a scene. 'Rendering' is also used to describe the process of
calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final video output.
3D projection
3D projection is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two
dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are
based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is
widespread, especially in computer graphics, engineering and drafting.
Ray tracing
Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light
through pixels in an image plane. The technique is capable of producing a very
high degree of photorealism; usually higher than that of typical scanline
rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost.
Shading
Example of shading.
Example of shading.
Shading refers to depicting depth in 3D models or illustrations by varying
levels of darkness. It is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of
darkness on paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for
darker areas, and less densely or with a lighter shade for lighter areas. There
are various techniques of shading including cross hatching where perpendicular
lines of varying closeness are drawn in a grid pattern to shade an area. The
closer the lines are together, the darker the area appears. Likewise, the
farther apart the lines are, the lighter the area appears. The term has been
recently generalized to mean that shaders are applied.
Texture mapping
Texture mapping is a method for adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a
computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Its application to 3D graphics was
pioneered by Dr Edwin Catmull in 1974. A texture map is applied (mapped) to the
surface of a shape, or polygon. This process is akin to applying patterned paper
to a plain white box. Multitexturing is the use of more than one texture at a
time on a polygon.
Volume rendering
Volume rendered CT scan of a forearm with different colour schemes for muscle,
fat, bone, and blood.
Volume rendered CT scan of a forearm with different colour schemes for muscle,
fat, bone, and blood.
Volume rendering is a technique used to display a 2D projection of a 3D
discretely sampled data set. A typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images
acquired by a CT or MRI scanner.
Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice every
millimeter) and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular
pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume
element, or voxel represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the
immediate area surrounding the voxel.
3D modelling
3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, wireframe
representation of any three-dimensional object via specialized software. The
product is called a "3D model". It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image
through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of
physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D Printing
devices. Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling
process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to
plastic arts such as sculpting.
Pioneers in graphic design
Charles Csuri
Charles Csuri is best known for pioneering the field of computer graphics,
computer animation and digital fine art, creating the first computer art in
1964. Csuri has been recognized as the father of digital art and computer
animation by Smithsonian, and as a leading pioneer of computer animation by the
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and The Association for Computing Machinery Special
Interest Group Graphics (ACM-SIGGRAPH).
Donald P. Greenberg
Donald P. Greenberg is an internationally recognized pioneer in computer
graphics, Greenberg has authored hundreds of articles and served as a teacher
and mentor to many prominent computer graphic artists and animators. Five former
students have won Academy Awards for Scientific or Technical Achievements, five
have won the SIGGRAPH Achievement Award, and many now work for Pixar Animation
Studios. Greenberg was the founding director of the National Science Foundation
Science and Technology Center for Computer Graphics and Scientific Visualization
when it was created in 1991. His former students include Robert L. Cook, Marc
Levoy, and Wayne Lytle.
A. Michael Noll
Noll was one of the first researchers to use a digital computer to create
artistic patterns and to formalize the use of random processes in the creation
of visual arts. His initial digital computer art was programmed in the summer of
1962 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, making him one of the
earliest digital computer artists. In 1965 Noll along with two other pioneers
within the field of early computer art, Frieder Nake and Georg Nees in Germany,
were the first to exhibit publicly their computer art. During April 1965, the
Howard Wise Gallery in New York City exhibited Noll's computer art along with
random-dot patterns by Bela Julesz.
Other pioneers
* Daniel J. Sandin
* Alvy Ray Smith
* Ivan Sutherland
* Steve Russell
The study of computer graphics
Computer graphics
A modern render of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics
created by Martin Newell in 1975.
A modern render of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics
created by Martin Newell in 1975.
The study of computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies
methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the
term often refers to three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses
two-dimensional graphics and image processing.
As an academic discipline, computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual
and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the
mathematical and computational foundations of image generation and processing
rather than purely aesthetic issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated
from the field of visualization, although the two fields have many similarities.
Connected studies
Connected studies include:
* Scientific visualization
* Information visualization
* Computer vision
* Image processing
* Computational Geometry
* Computational Topology
* Applied mathematics
Applications
* Computational biology
* Computational physics
* Computer-aided design
* Computer simulation
* Digital art
* Education
* Entertainment
* Graphic design
* Infographics
* Information visualization
* Scientific visualization
* Virtual reality
* Web design
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com
was a runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of
course the king of all game cheating websites is
trick the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find
cheat forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come
prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com – Trik.com/topsite – Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
members, Hygo.com is your next place to visit, as they have an amazing game with
a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you want to join right
now!
Contact Information
Call our office today to set up an appointment. Learn more about how we can
help you, and learn more about the other services that we can offer you. All
messages we receive will be answered as soon as possible. We look forward to
hearing from you.
- Electronic mail
- General Information:
